Cirurgia paraendodôntica com retro-obturação utilizando MTA Repair HP®: análise tomográfica longitudinal prospectiva de dois casos clínicos / Periradicular surgery with retrofilling by MTA Repair HP® having concomitant cone beam computed tomography follow-up analysis: case series repor

Objetivo: Avaliar tomograficamente, em dois casos clínicos, o efeito da nova formulação do MTA, o MTA Repair HP, na contribuição para a remissão de lesões periapicais em cirurgias paraendodônticas, bem como a sua manipulação e as suas propriedades físicas. Relatos de caso: Paciente R.C.R., 57, reportou-se à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para avaliação de lesão periapical no elemento 11. Ao exame radiográfico, observou-se tratamento endodôntico e uma área radiolúcida, unilocular, circunscrita envolvendo o ápice dentário. Solicitou-se um exame de TCFC (I-Cat®, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pensilvânia, EUA), no qual foi confirmada a presença da lesão com rompimento da cortical óssea vestibular. Foram realizadas apicectomia, curetagem, retropreparo pela Técnica Clássica, e retroobturação com o novo material. Realizaram-se tomografias nos momentos pós-operatórios de três e cinco meses. Paciente R.J.G.M., 46, relatava dor, aumento de volume intraoral e drenagem de secreção purulenta na arcada superior esquerda. Aos exames clínico e radiográfico, observou-se presença de fístula e lesão refratária ao tratamento endodôntico no dente 25. Realizou-se TCFC, na qual pode-se observar a presença de uma área hipodensa circunscrita, envolvendo o ápice do 25, com rompimento da cortical óssea vestibular. Foi proposto o mesmo tratamento descrito no caso anterior. Para o acompanhamento foram realizadas novas tomografias nos mesmos tempos pós-operatórios do caso anterior. Discussão: O MTA Repair HP surgiu da necessidade de um material mais biocompatível com as estruturas dentárias no procedimento de obturação retrógrada. Este produto auxilia na regressão de lesões periapicais e na formação dos componentes do periodonto e apresenta como vantagens, o maior tempo de presa, não provocar o escurecimento coronário e maior facilidade na manipulação. Conclusão: Conclui-se que houve formação de tecido calcificado no decorrer dos tempos de três e cinco meses. Em relação à manipulação do material, não foi observada melhora pela adição de agente plastificante. Contudo, observou-se um tempo de presa menor do que o esperado, dificultando a inserção do material

Aim: To evaluate, tomographically, in two clinical cases, the effect of the new MTA formulation of the Angelus, the MTA Repair HP, in the contribution to remission of periapical lesions in paraendodontic surgery, as well its physical properties and manipulation. Case report: Patient R.C.R, 57, attended at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for evaluation of periapical lesion in the element 11. It was observed, at the clinical and radiographic exams, endodontic treatment and a circumscribed, unilocular and radiolucid area at the apex of the tooth. It was requested a CBCT exam (I-Cat®, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, USA), which confirmed the presence of the lesion and rupture of the buccal cortical plate. Thus, it was performed curettage, apicectomy, retropreparation and retrofilling with the described cement. It was solicited two additional CBCT exams at the period of three and five months post-operative. Patient R.J.G.M, 46, with mean complain of pain, increased intraoral volume and purulent discharged in the upper left arch. The clinical and radiographic exams revealed fistu-la and refractory lesion, despite the endodontic treatment of the tooth 25. A CBCT exam was done and it was observed a circumscribed hypodense area, around the apex of the 25, with rupture of the buccal cortical plate. It was suggested the same surgical treatment described in the case above. It was performed two more CBCT exam, at three and five months after the procedure. Discussion: The MTA Repair HP was developed from the necessity of a more biocompatible material with the dental structures in the retrograde filling process. This product helps in the remission of periapicals lesions and in the new formation of the periodontum components; also it has the advantages of longer set-ting time, not causing the darkening of the coronary portion and easier manipulation. Conclusion:Regarding the remission of the lesions, it was noticed the generation of calcified tissue across the periods of three and five months. Regarding the manipulation and application, it was not observed any improvement related to the addition of the plasticizer. However, it was noticed a shorter setting time, making it difficult to insert the material.

Comparación de la eficacia de los materiales usados como obturadores retrógrados en cirugías dentales apicales / Comparison of the effectiveness of materials used as retrograde obturators in apical dental surgeries

Introducción: las lesiones perirradiculares aparecen solo cuando los conductos radiculares están expuestos a la microbiota oral. Estos conductos radiculares albergan a varias especies bacterianas y sus toxinas que llegan a los tejidos perirradiculares y se inicia la formación de lesiones Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de los materiales usados como obturadores retrógrados en cirugías apicales según capacidad de microfiltración y adaptación marginal en dientes permanentes. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de bases de datos electrónicas de los últimos 10 años. Se excluyeron artículos no originales, que solo medía la eficacia de un material o que comparaba dos marcas o tipos de un mismo material. Resultados: la mayor cantidad de artículos fueron del año 2014. El MTA fue el material más estudiado. La amalgama se estudia hasta el año 2015 y en el mismo año desaparecen las investigaciones del Biodentine. La mayoría de los artículos evaluó la microfiltración para medir la eficacia. El material que fue considerado eficaz en mayor porcentaje fue el MTA con 27% en estudios de microfiltración y 15% de adaptación. El Biodentine es el siguiente con un 15% de estudios de microfiltración y 6% de adaptación marginal. Se puede concluir que el MTA todavía es el material más eficaz cuando se lo utiliza en obturaciones retrógradas, seguido del Biodentine. Conclusiones: en base a los resultados de los investigadores, se podría considerar al material recientemente fabricado, Biodentine, con igual eficacia que al MTA.

Introduction: periradicular lesions appear only when the root canals are exposed to the oral microbiota. These root canals house several bacterial species and their toxins that reach the periradicular tissues and the formation of lesions begins Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the materials used as retrograde obturators in apical surgeries according to microfiltration capacity and marginal adaptation in permanent teeth. Methodology: a bibliographic review of electronic databases of the last 10 years was carried out. Non-original articles were excluded, which only measured the effectiveness of a material or that compared two brands or types of the same material. Results: the largest number of articles were from 2014. The MTA was the most studied material. The amalgam is studied until 2015 and in the same year the Biodentine research disappears. Most articles evaluated microfiltration to measure effectiveness. The material that was considered effective in the highest percentage was the MTA with 27% in microfiltration studies and 15% adaptation. Biodentine is next with 15% of microfiltration studies and 6% of marginal adaptation. It can be concluded that MTA is still the most effective material when used in retrograde seals, followed by Biodentine. Conclusions: based on the results of the researchers, the newly manufactured material, Biodentine, could be considered as effectively as the MTA.

In vitro evaluation of apical microleakage in retrofillings with different resection angles / Avaliaçâo in vitro da microinfiltraçâo apical de retrobturaçoes com diferentes ángulos de ressecçâo

ABSTRACT Paraendodontic surgery is a procedure that aims to solve problems that could not be solved by, or when it is not possible to perform conventional endodontic treatment. The aim of this experimental study was to compare the apical microleakage of teeth sectioned at 45° or 90° to the long axis of the tooth and root-end filled with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) using stereomicroscopy. In this study, 26 maxillary central incisors were used. Cleaning and shaping were performed with use of the Oregon technique and the samples were randomly divided into two groups. In Group A (n=10) apical section was performed at an angle of 90°, making a retrocavity with an ultrasonic tip and retrofilling with MTA. In group B (n=10) the same procedures were performed, but the apical section was at a 45° angle. Then the samples were immersed in a dye (India ink), placed in an oven at 37° for 48 h before applying the clearing technique. Afterwards the teeth were assessed by stereomicroscope at 20x magnification to analyze dye leakage. Data were submitted to the Student's-t test with significance level p<0.05. There was statistically significant difference between groups. Group B showed higher apical microleakage values compared with group A (P=0.004), but both groups showed dye leakage. The results showed that the 90° apical section promoted lower dye microleakage values at the dentin-retrofilling material interface than the 45°-section and could be considered the most effective technique for apical preparation in paraendodontic surgery.

RESUMO A cirurgia paraendodontica é um procedimento que visa resolver problemas que nao poderiam ser resolvidos, ou quando nao é possível realizar o tratamento endodontico convencional. O objetivo deste estudo experimental foi comparar a microinfiltragao apical de dentes seccionados a 45° ou 90° em relagao ao longo eixo do dente e extremidade radicularpreenchida com agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) utilizando estereomicroscopia. Neste estudo, 26 incisivos centrais superiores foram utilizados. Limpeza e modelagem foram realizadas com o uso da técnica de Oregon e as amostras foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. No Grupo A (n = 10) foi realizada segao apical em ángulo de 90°, realizando retrocavidade com ponta ultrassonica e retrobturagao com MTA. No grupo B (n = 10), os mesmos procedimentos foram realizados, mas a segao apical estava em um ángulo de 45°. Em seguida, as amostras foram imersas em um corante (nanquim), colocadas em estufa a 37°Cpor 48 h, antes da aplicagao da técnica de clareamento. Posteriormente, os dentes foram avaliados por estereomicroscópio, com aumento de 20x, para análise do vazamento de corante. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste t de Student, com nivel de significáncia p <0,05. Houve diferenga estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. O grupo B apresentou maiores valores de microinfil-tragao apical em comparagao ao grupo A (P = 0,004), mas ambos os grupos apresentaram vazamento de corante. Os resultados mostraram que a segao apical de 90° promoveu menores valores de microinfiltragao de corante na interface do material retrobturador dentinário do que a segao 45° e pode ser considerada a técnica mais efetiva para preparo apical em cirurgia paraendodontica.

Evaluación de la citotoxicidad de Biodentine, IRM y MTA en cultivos de fibroblastos del ligamento periodontal humano / An evaluation of the cytotoxicity of Biodentine, IRM and MTA in cultures of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

Introducción: Los materiales para la obturación retrógrada son diversos. Actualmente, IRM y MTA son las alternativas clínicas más utilizadas, no obstante, es relativamente reciente la introducción de materiales a base de silicatos tricálcicos tal como Biodentine. Objetivo: Determinar la citotoxicidad de fibroblastos del ligamento periodontal humano expuestos a medios de cultivo condicionados con Biodentine, IRM y MTA. Material y métodos: 1 × 103 fibroblastos del ligamento periodontal humano fueron expuestos a medios DMEM/F12 condicionados con MTA, IRM y Biodentine en tres protocolos diferentes. Se realizó un ensayo de MTT para determinar la viabilidad celular a las cero, 24, 48, 72 horas, siete y 14 días. Se realizó una prueba ANOVA (p < 0.05). Resultados: En los tres protocolos con los diferentes medios de cultivo condicionados, la viabilidad de las células fue predominantemente proliferativa; sin embargo, las células expuestas a Biodentine mostraron una tendencia mayor que la MTA o la IRM. Conclusión: Las células expuestas a la Biodentine mostraron un comportamiento proliferativo a los 14 días de análisis. Se debe realizar más investigación a nivel in vivo y clínico para obtener más información sobre la conducta de estos materiales empleados para la obturación retrógrada (AU)

Introduction: The materials for retrograde filling are diverse. Currently, IRM and MTA are the most commonly used clinical alternatives, however, the introduction of materials based on tricalcium silicates such as Biodentine is relatively recent. Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts exposed to culture media conditioned with Biodentine, IRM and MTA. Material and methods: 1 × 103 fibroblasts of the human periodontal ligament were exposed to DMEM/F12 media conditioned with MTA, IRM and Biodentine in 3 different protocols. An MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability at 0, 24, 48, 72 hours, seven and 14 days. An ANOVA test was performed (p < 0.05). Results: In the three protocols with the different conditioned culture media, the viability of the cells was predominantly proliferative, however, the cells exposed to Biodentine showed a higher tendency than the MTA or the IRM. Conclusion: The cells exposed to the Biodentine showed a proliferative behavior at 14 days of analysis. More research should be done at in vivo and clinical level to obtain more information about the behavior of these materials used for retrograde filling (AU)

Evaluation of the dislodgement resistance of bioceramic reparative cements placed in a retrograde cavity using a different technique

Aim: Calcium silicate-based fillings have been widely used in surgical endodontic treatment because of hard-tissue conductive and inductive properties. The aim of present study is to investigate the bond strength of different calcium silicate-based fillings in retrograde cavities. Methods: Forty-four maxillary single rooted teeth were endodontically treated. The apical portions of the teeth were removed and root-end cavities were prepared using an ultrasonic tip. The roots were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 11) according to the material used; (1) MTA-FILLAPEX, (2) MTA Repair HP, (3) MTA-FILLAPEX+ MTA Repair HP, and (4) MTA Plus. Two horizontal cross sections (1±0.1 mm thick) from each specimen were resected from the apices. These sections were placed in a universal testing machine to evaluate the push-out bond strength force required for dislodgement of the root end filling was recorded. The failure type was also evaluated by using a stereomicroscope. The differences in bond strength were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: MTA-FILLAPEX and MTA Plus displayed the lowest and highest dislocation resistance, respectively (P < 0.05). In the apical level, bond strength was significantly higher than the coronal level in all groups except for MTA-FILLAPEX. Mixed failure was prevalent in all groups, except for MTA-FILLAPEX, which showed purely cohesive failures. Conclusions: Investigated calcium silicate-based filling materials showed different bond strength to the root-end cavity. The bond strength was significantly decreased when the prior application of MTA-FILLAPEX before delivery of MTA Repair HP

In vitro comparative study of apical microfiltration in retrograde fillings between dental cements: MTA Repair Hp and Biodentine / Estudio comparativo"in vitro" de lamicro filtración apical en obturaciones retrógradasentre cementos dentales: MTA Repair Hp y Biodentine

Abstract Objective: To compare "in vitro" the degree of bacterial microfiltration in the apical third of the root canal, when performing the retrograde filling technique using two endodontic cements: MTA Repair Hp (Angellus) and Biodentine (Septodont). Materials and methods: Twenty-two uniradicular teeth were used (upper central and lateral incisors), whose ducts were instrumented up to the working length with the Limas K File hand instruments (Dentsply / Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups A, B, C and D, group A and B of 10 teeth each. The root canals of group A were obturated using retrograde technique with MTA Repair Hp, and those of Group B with Biodentine, Group C root canals positive control, Group D root canals negative control. The samples were screened and photographed, and the images were analyzed in the three thirds root using the program Motic Images 5.0. Results: Group A (MTA Repair Hp) showed a greater penetration of Chinese ink in the last 3 millimeters of the apical third, as well as in the middle third in relation to Group B (Biodentine), and although this difference was not statistically significant one observed a tendency to smaller microfiltrations with Biodentine. Conclusion: The technique of retrograde obturation with Biodentine presents a greater tendency to provide a more hermetic peripheral seal of the apical third, as compared to the retrograde obturation technique with MTA Repair Hp.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar "in vitro" el grado de microfiltración bacteriana en el tercio apical del conducto radicular, al realizar la técnica de obturación retrógrada mediante el uso de dos cementos endodónticos: el MTA Repair Hp (Angellus) y el Biodentine (Septodont). Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizaron 22 dientes uniradiculares extraídos (incisivos centrales y laterales superiores) cuyos conductos fueron instrumentados hasta la longitud de trabajo con los instrumentos manuales Limas K File (Dentsply/Maillefer, Ballaigues, Suiza). Los dientes se dividieron al azar en 4 grupos A, B, C y D, el grupo A y B de 10 piezas dentales cada uno. Los conductos radiculares del grupo A fueron obturados mediante técnica retrógrada con MTA Repair Hp, y los del Grupo B con Biodentine, Grupo C conducto control positivo, Grupo D conducto control negativo. Las muestras fueron transparentadas y fotografiadas, y las imágenes se analizaron en los tres tercios radiculares mediante el programa Motic Images 5.0. Resultados: El grupo A (MTA Repair Hp) mostró una penetración mayor de la tinta china en los 3 últimos milímetros del tercio apical, así como en tercio medio respecto al Grupo B (Biodnetine), y aunque esta diferenciano fue estadísticamente significativa si se observa una tendencia a menores microfiltraciones con el Biodentine. Conclusión: La técnica de obturación retrógrada con Biodentine presenta una mayor tendencia a brindar un sellado periférico más hermético del tercio apical, en comparación con la técnica de obturación retrógrada con MTA Repair Hp.

Effect of ultrasonic agitation on push-out bond strength and adaptation of root-end filling materials

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of ultrasonic agitation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium silicate-based cement (CSC), and Sealer 26 (S26) on adaptation at the cement/dentin interface and push-out bond strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty maxillary canines were divided into 6 groups (n = 10): MTA, S26, and CSC, with or without ultrasonic activation (US). After obturation, the apical portions of the teeth were sectioned, and retrograde cavities were prepared and filled with cement by hand condensation. In the US groups, the cement was activated for 60 seconds: 30 seconds in the mesio-distal direction and 30 seconds in the buccal-lingual direction, using a mini Irrisonic insert coupled with the ultrasound transducer. After the materials set, 1.5-mm thick sections were obtained from the apexes. The presence of gaps and the bond between cement and dentin were analyzed using low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy. Push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. RESULTS: Ultrasonic agitation increased the interfacial adaptation of the cements. The S26 US group showed a higher adaptation value than MTA (p < 0.05). US improved the push-out bond strength for all the cements (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The US of retrograde filling cements enhanced the bond to the dentin wall of the root-end filling materials tested.

Materiais usados em retro-obturações: comparação entre cimento de ionômero de vidro fotopolimerizável e cimento de portland / Materials used in retrograde obturations: comparison between light-cured glass ionomer and Portland cement

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, por meio de um teste in vitro, se ocorre infiltração ou não pelo corante azul de metileno a 0,2% em retro-obturações seladas com cimento ionômero de vidro fotopolimerizável e cimento Portland. Quarenta dentes unirradiculares receberam tratamento endodôntico convencional. As coroas foram removidas com um corte na junção cemento-esmalte, perpendicular ao longo eixo do dente e um corte horizontal de 2 a 3 mm do ápice. As raízes foram revestidas externamente, com duas camadas de esmalte de unha. Foi realizada uma cavidade apical para retro-obturação dos condutos. A amostra foi dividida em 2 grupos: Grupo 1 - isolamento apical com cimento de ionômero de vidro fotopolimerizável e Grupo 2 - isolamento com cimento Portland. Logo após a realização da obturação retrógrada, as amostras foram submetidas à imersão parcial em corante azul de metileno a 0,2% de pH neutro, durante 24 horas. As amostras foram lavadas em água corrente por 12 horas e 10 dias de secagem. Depois, as raízes foram seccionadas longitudinalmente no sentido mésio-distal e observadas por 2 examinadores independentes, com o auxílio de uma lupa com aumento de duas vezes. Foi utilizado o teste estatístico qui-quadrado para verificar as hipóteses. No total de 20 dentes retro-obturados com ionômero, apenas 1 deles foi infiltrado. Entretanto, com relação ao cimento Portland, em 18 dentes, houve infiltração com azul de metileno 0,2%. Nesse teste in vitro, os resultados apontam que o selamento apical com ionômero de vidro é superior ao selamento com cimento Portland.

The objective of this study was to compare through an in vitro test, if infiltration occurs or not by 0.2% methylene blue dye in retrograde obturations sealed with glass ionomer light-curing cement and Portland cement. Forty single-rooted teeth recieved conventional endodontic treatment. The crowns were removed with a cut at the cementoenamel junction perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth and a horizontal cut 2 to 3 mm from the apex. The roots were externally coated with two layers of nail polish. An apical cavity was performed for retrofilling of the conduits. The sample was divided into 2 groups: Group 1 with apical insulated glass ionomer light-curing cement and Group 2 with insulation with Portland cement. After the completion of the retrograde filling, the samples were subjected to partial immersion of 0.2% methylene blue dye in neutral pH for 24 hours. The samples were washed in running water for 12 hours and then 10 days of drying. After the roots were split lengthwise mesiodistally and observed by two independent examiners with the aid of a magnifying glass with an increase of twice. The chi-square statistical test was used to verify the hypotheses. Of the total of 20 teeth with retrograde obturations using ionomer, only one tooth was infiltrated, since with respect to Portland cement in 18 teeth there was infiltration with 0.2% methylene blue. In this in vitro test, the results suggest that the apical seal with glass ionomer is better than the sealing with Portland cement.

Solubility and bacterial sealing ability of MTA and root-end filling materials

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate solubility and sealing ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and root-end filling materials. Material and Methods The materials evaluated were: MTA, Calcium Silicate Cement with zirconium oxide (CSC/ZrO2), and zinc oxide/eugenol (ZOE). Solubility test was performed according to ANSI/ADA. The difference between initial and final mass of the materials was analyzed after immersion in distilled water for 7 and 30 days. Retrograde cavities in human teeth with single straight root canal were performed by using ultrasonic tip CVD 9.5107-8. The cavities were filled with the evaluated materials to evaluate sealing ability using the bacterial leakage test with Enterococcus faecalis. Bacterial leakage was evaluated every 24 hours for six weeks observing the turbidity of Brain Heart infusion (BHI) medium in contact with root apex. Data were submitted to ANOVA followed by Tukey tests (solubility), and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (sealing ability) at a 5% significance level. Results For the 7-day period, ZOE presented highest solubility when compared with the other groups (p<0.05). For the 30-day period, no difference was observed among the materials. Lower bacterial leakage was observed for MTA and CSC/ZrO2, and both presented better results than ZOE (p<0.05). Conclusion MTA and CSC/ZrO2 presented better bacterial sealing capacity, which may be related to lower initial solubility observed for these materials in relation to ZOE.

Intrarenal Surgery vs Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Management of Lower Pole Stones Greater than 2 cm

Purpose To compare the efficacy of RIRS and PNL in lower pole stones ≥2 cm. Materials and and Methods: A total of 109 patients who underwent PNL or RIRS for solitary lower pole stone between April 2009 and December 2012, were retrospectively analyzed. Lower pole stone was diagnosed with CT scan. Stone size was assessed as the longest axis of the stone. All patients were informed about the advantages, disadvantages and probable complications of both PNL and RIRS before the selection of the procedure. Patients decided the surgery type by themselves without being under any influences and written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to the surgery. Patients were divided into two groups according to the patients’ preference of surgery type. Group 1 consisted of 77 patients who underwent PNL and Group 2 consisted of 32 patients treated with RIRS. Stone free statuses, postoperative complications, operative time and hospitalization time were compared in both groups. Results There was no statistical significance between the two groups in mean age, stone size, stone laterality, mean follow-up periods and mean operative times. In PNL group, stone-free rate was 96.1% at first session and 100% after the additional procedure. In Group 2, stone-free rate was 90.6% at the first procedure and 100% after the additional procedure. The final stone-free rates and operative times were similar in both groups. Conclusions RIRS should be an effective treatment alternative to PNL in lower pole stones larger than 2 cm, especially in selected patients. .

Curetaje apical y obturación retrógrada sin apicectomía: Presentación de un caso clínico / Apical curettage and retrograde obturation without apicoectomy: Clinical case presentation

El curetaje apical con apicectomía forma parte del procedimiento quirúrgico endodóntico. Tiene la finalidad de remover el contenido presente en el interior de la cavidad quirúrgica, como tejido de granulación, restos de membrana quística, cuerpos extraños y eliminar el ápice dental involucrado. Sin embargo, en determinados casos el realizar una apicectomía puede influir en la estabilidad de la restauración en donde la alternativa del tratamiento pudiera ser un curetaje apical sin apicectomía. En este artículo se presenta un caso clínico donde se realizó un curetaje apical y obturación retrógrada con cemento agregado trióxido mineral en un diente con fracaso de un tratamiento endodóntico convencional.

Apical curettage with apicoectomy is a component of many endodontic surgical procedures. It purports the aim of removing any contents present inside the surgical cavity, such as granulation tissue, cystic membrane remnants, or foreign bodies, as well as removing the involved dental apex. Nevertheless, in some cases, performing an apicoectomy can negatively influence the restoration's stability; in these cases an alternative treatment could be performing apical curettage without apicoectomy. The present article documents a clinical case where apical curettage and retrograde obturation with mineral trioxide aggregate cement were performed on a tooth where previous conventional endodontic treatment had failed.

Agregado de trióxido mineral e uso como material retro-obturador em cirurgia paraendodôntica / Mineral trioxide aggregate and the use as a material for retrofilling endodontic surgery

O Agregado de Trióxido Mineral (MTA) foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de selar perfurações dentárias que ocorrem acidentalmente. A obturação retrógrada consiste no tratamento de lesões perirradiculares que visa solucionar complicações decorrentes do tratamento endodôntico mal sucedido. Materiais como o MTA têm sido propostos com o objetivo de promover o selamento do canal radicular por via retrógrada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o uso de MTA na Endodontia, abordando aspectos de sua apresentação, composição, propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas, aplicações clínicas, enfatizando sua utilização na prática cirúrgica-periapical. Concluiu-se que o MTA pode ser empregado no retratamento endodôntico cirúrgico, apresentando-se como material promissor.

The Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) was initially developed in order to seal dental fractures that may occur accidentally. The retrograde obturation to solve complications by unsuccessful endodontic treatment. Various materials have been proposed, aiming to promote the sealing of the root canal by retrograde via. The objective of this study was to review the literature on the mineral trioxide aggregate in Endodontics, regarding to the presentation, composition, physical, chemical and biological properties, clinical applications It has concluded that MTA can be used on surgical endodontic retreatment.

Análise físico-química do MTA e do cimento Portland associado a quatro diferentes radiopacificadores / Physicochemical analysis of MTA and Portland cement associated with four different radiopacifiers

Introdução: O Mineral Trióxido Agregado (MTA) é composto por cimento Portland (CP) e um radiopacificador (óxido de bismuto). Objetivo: Avaliar tempo de presa, solubilidade, pH, liberação de íons Cálcio e radiopacidade do cimento Portland puro ou associado a quatro radiopacificadores (sulfato de bário, carbonato de bismuto, óxido de bismuto e iodofórmio), comparados ao MTA branco (Angelus, Londrina, Brasil). Material e Método: A proporção empregada CP/radiopacificador foi de 4:1 em peso, (80% de cimento Portland e 20% de radiopacificador). A especificação 57 da ADA foi usada para avaliação do tempo de presa. A solubilidade foi analisada segundo a especificação ISO 6876/2001. A avaliação do pH foi realizada com peagâmetro digital e a liberação de íons Ca++foi verificada por meio de espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. A radiopacidade foi determinada em milímetros de alumínio (mm/Al). Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes de Análise de Variância e Tukey, nível de significância 5%. Resultado: O sulfato de bário não alterou o tempo de presa final do CP. Radiopacidade inferior ao mínimo recomendado pelas normas da ADA nº 57 e ISO 6876/2001 foi observada para CP e CP associado com sulfato de bário. O CP associado ao iodofórmio apresentou solubilidade acima dos 3% recomendados pela ISO 6876/2001. Todos os materiais proporcionaram alcalinização do meio e promoveram liberação de íons cálcio. Conclusão: Carbonato de bismuto ou óxido de bismuto proporcionaram tempo de presa inicial, solubilidade, pH, liberação de íons Cálcio e radiopacidade adequados quando associados ao CP. .

Introduction: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is composed of Portland cement (PC), and a radiopacifier (bismuth oxide). Objective: To evaluate the setting time, solubility, pH, calcium ion release and radiopacity of pure Portland cement and its association to four radiopacifiers, (Barium sulfate, bismuth carbonate, bismuth oxide and iodoform), and White MTA (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil). Material and Method: The ratio CP/radiopacifier used was 4:1 by weight (80% Portland cement and 20% radiopacifier). The setting time was evaluated according the specification ADA 57. The solubility was analyzed according to ISO 6876/2001 specification. The pH was evaluated using a digital pHmeter and the release of Ca++ ions by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The radiopacity was measured in millimeters of aluminum (mm/Al). The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests using 5% of significance level. Result: Barium sulfate did not alter the final setting time of the PC. Observed radiopacity was less than the minimum recommended by ADA 57 and ISO 6876/2001 for CP and CP associated with barium sulfate. The PC associated with iodoform showed solubility above the 3% recommended by ISO 6876/2001. All materials provided alkalinization and promoted calcium ion release. Conclusion: Bismuth carbonate and bismuth oxide provided proper initial setting time, solubility, pH, calcium ion release and radiopacity when combined with CP. .

Resolução cirúrgica de periodontite apical crônica: relato de caso / Surgical resolution of chronic apical periodontitis: case report

A cirurgia paraendodôntica é um conjunto de procedimentos com o objetivo básico de tratar lesões perirradiculares decorrentes de complicações do tratamento endodôntico ou seu insucesso. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um caso clínico de cirurgia paraendodôntica em um incisivo lateral superior. O tratamento da lesão perirradicular foi realizado através da curetagem, apicectomia, retropreparo com inserto de ultrassom e retro-obturação com MTA. O exame histopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de granuloma periapical. O controle de um ano demonstrou a neoformação óssea e ausência de sintomatologia

Apical surgery is a set of procedures with the basic aim of treating complications arising from lesions of endodontic treatment or its failure. The objective of this study is to present a clinical case of apical surgery in a maxillary lateral incisor. The treatment of lesion was performed by curettage, apicectomy, root-end preparation with ultrasonic unit and root-end filling with MTA. The biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of apical granuloma. The control for a year showed new bone formation and absence of symptoms

Utilização de cimento a base de MTA no tratamento de perfuração radicular: relato de caso clínico / MTA based cement in root perforation: case report

As perfurações endodônticas comunicam o canal radicular com o periodonto, em consequência de cárie, reabsorções ou causas iatrogênicas. O sucesso no tratamento está diretamente relacionado com a localização, tamanho e período entre a ocorrência e o tratamento. Os materiais utilizados no tratamento exercem função importante no selamento da área perfurada e a biocompatibilidade junto aos tecidos. A primeira via de tratamento é a não-cirúrgica. Caso o resultado não seja satisfatório, opta-se pelo acesso cirúrgico. Dos materiais para o tratamento de perfurações, na atualidade, o MTA (Agregado Trióxido Mineral) é o mais usado. É material bioativo que permite a formação de cemento, oferecendo condições para organização dos tecidos de suporte dentário. O objetivo esperado para o tratamento das perfurações é prevenir a reabsorção óssea e a perda de ligamento periodontal da região perfurada evitando a infecção. Foi objetivo desse trabalho descrever dois casos clínicos de dentes com perfuração radicular, preenchidas com cimento a base de MTA.

Endodontic perforations are accidents that communicate the internal environment with the dental periodontium. They can be caused by caries, resorption or iatrogenic factors. The successful treatment in the perforations is directly related to their location, size and time between the accident and treatment. The materials used also play important function in connection with the sealing of the perforated area and biocompatibility with human tissue. The first-line treatment is non-surgical. If the result is not positive, surgical approach should be chosen. Actually, MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) is the most used material for perforations treatment. It is a bioactive material that allows the formation of cementum and gives the conditions for the organization of the teeth supporting tissues. The expected goal for the perforation treatment is to prevent bone resorption and periodontal ligament lost in the region, avoiding the infection. The objective of this paper was to describe two case reports of dental radicular perforations filled by a MTA-based cement.

Radiopacity evaluation of Portland and MTA-based cements by digital radiographic system

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radiopacity of Portland and MTA-based cements using the Digora TM digital radiographic system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The performed tests followed specification number 57 from the American National Standard Institute/American Dental Association (2000) for endodontic sealing materials. The materials were placed in 5 acrylic plates, especially designed for this experiment, along with a graduated aluminum stepwedge varying from 1 to 10 mm in thickness. The set was radiographed at a 30 cm focus-object distance and with 0.2 s exposure time. After the radiographs were taken, the optical laser readings of radiographs were performed by Digora TM system. Five radiographic density readings were performed for each studied material and for each step of the aluminum scale. RESULTS: White ProRoot MTA (155.99±8.04), gray ProRoot MTA (155.96±16.30) and MTA BIO (143.13±16.94) presented higher radiopacity values (p<0.05), while white non-structural Portland (119.76±22.34), gray Portland (109.71±4.90) and white structural Portland (99.59±12.88) presented lower radiopacity values (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that MTA-based cements were the only materials presenting radiopacity within the ANSI/ADA specifications.

Adaptação marginal do agregado de trióxido mineral com e sem cloreto de cálcio em retrocavidades / Marginal adaptation of the Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with and without calcium chloride in root-end cavities

Objetivo: Avaliar a adaptação marginal do Agregado de Trióxido Mineral (MTA) com e sem cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) em retrocavidades. Método: Vinte dentes unirradiculados foram instrumentados e obturados com gutapercha e AH-Plus. Os ápices das raízes foram cortados com uma broca Zekrya e preparos retrógrados foram realizados com pontas ultrassônicas. Réplicas em resina dos ápices preparados foram obtidas, metalizadas com ouro e examinadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais (n = 10 dentes), de acordo com o material retrobturador empregado: G1 ­ MTA e G2 ­ MTA + CaCl2. Após as retrobturações, os dentes foram mantidos em ambiente úmido a 37 °C por 24 horas. Novas réplicas de resina foram obtidas e levadas ao MEV. A adaptação marginal dos cimentos foi classificada como: 1) margem contínua; 2) margem não contínua. Além disso, os percentuais de margem contínua foram calculados. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Falhas de adaptação foram observadas em duas raízes no G1 e três raízes no G2. O percentual de margem contínua foi de 95,59% no grupo com MTA e 87,48% no grupo com MTA + CaCl2 . Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os dois grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A adição do cloreto de cálcio ao MTA não alterou a sua capacidade de adaptação marginal às paredes dentinárias das retrocavidades.

Objective: To evaluate the marginal adaptation of the Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) with and without calcium chloride (CaCl2) in root-end cavities. Method: Twenty extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus. All roots were resected using a Zekrya bur and root-end cavities were prepared by using ultrasonic retrotips. Epoxy resin replicas of root-end surfaces after root-end cavity preparation were obtained, sputter coated with gold, and examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The sampleswere divided into two experimental groups (n = 10 teeth) according to the root-end filling material employed: G1 - MTA; and G2 - MTA + CaCl2. After the root-end filling, the teeth were stored in moist gauze at 37 °C for24 hours. New replicas of the root-end surfaces were obtained and examined under a SEM. Marginal adaptation of the filling materials were categorized as: 1) continuous margin; 2) non-continuous margin. Besides, percentages of continuous margin were calculated. The results were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Visible gaps were seen in 2 roots in G1 and in 3 roots in G2. A continuous margin was observed with 95,59% of MTA and 87,48% of MTA + CaCl2 root-end fillings. There was not statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05).Conclusion: The addition of CaCl2 to MTA did not alter its marginal adaptation capability to the dentin walls of root-end cavities.

pH and calcium ion release evaluation of pure and calcium hydroxide-containing Epiphany for use in retrograde filling

OBJECTIVE: Hydroxyl (OH-) and calcium (Ca++) ion release was evaluated in six materials: G1) Sealer 26, G2) White mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), G3) Epiphany, G4) Epiphany + 10 percent calcium hydroxide (CH), G5) Epiphany + 20 percent CH, and G6) zinc oxide and eugenol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens were placed in polyethylene tubes and immersed in distilled water. After 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, 7, 14, and 28 days, the water was assessed for pH with a pH meter and for Ca++ release by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: G1, G2, G4, and G5 had the highest pH until 14 days (p<0.05). G1 presented the highest Ca++ release until 6 h, and G4 and G5, from 12 h through 14 days. Ca++ release was greater for G1 and G2 at 28 days. G6 released the least Ca++. CONCLUSIONS: MTA, Sealer 26, Epiphany, and Epiphany + CH release OH- and Ca++ ions. Epiphany + CH may be an alternative as retrofilling material.

Radiopacidade de novos biomateriais usados em cirurgia parendodôntica / Radiopacity of new biomaterials used in parendodontic surgery

Objetivo: Comparar a radiopacidade dos materiais retrobturadores: Cimento Portland (CP), Super EBA (SEBA), MTA-Angelus com Sulfato de Bário (MTA-SB), MTA-Angelus com Óxido de Bismuto (MTA-OB), MTA-Angelus (MTA-AC), Cimento Ionomérico Shofu (IV), PRO ROOT Dentsplay (PRO) e Óxido de Zinco Eugenol (OZE). Método: Cinco anéis metálicos de 10mm de diâmetro interno, com 1mm de espessura, foram preenchidos com cada um dos materiais, preparados conforme indicação dos fabricantes e radiografados juntos com o stepwedge proposto pela ANSI/ADA n. 53. Os filmes processados pelo método tempo/temperatura foram escaneados, sendo realizadas 3 análises da intensidade pixel (ip) para cada corpo de prova, num total de 15 leituras de cada material. Obtidas as médias, foram comparadas através do teste "F" de Snedecor, em análise de variância (ANOVA), onde F=16.63 (p=0,000) significativo ao nível de 1%. Adotou-se o nível de significância de 5% de probabilidade (p menor que 0,05). Resultados: Em relação ao stepwedge, o grupo CP apresentou ip inferior ao do degrau 3 do stepwedge; os grupos IV e MTA-SB exibiram ip entre a dos degraus 3 e 4, enquanto para os grupos SEBA, MTA-OB, MTA-AC, PRO e OZE foram superiores à ip do degrau 6 do stepwedge. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos e nas especificações mínimas ANSI/ADA foi possível concluir que o grupo CP não apresenta a radiopacidade mínima necessária para um cimento endodôntico, e que o IV e MTA-SB estão no limite da norma. Contudo, considerando as dimensões da cavidade a ser retro-obturada, o limite de degrau 3 parece ser insuficiente para a segura constatação da qualidade da retro-obturação.

Purpose: To study the radiopacity of retrograde fillings: Portland Cement (CP), Super EBA (SEBA), MTA-Angelus with barium sulfate (MTA-SB), MTA-Angelus with bismuth oxide (MTA-OB), MTA-Angelus (MTA-AC), Ionomer Cement Shofu (IV), PRO ROOT Dentsplay (PRO) and Zinc Oxide Eugenol (OZE). Method: Five metal bands with a 10mm internal diameter and 1mm thickness were filled with each one of the materials, prepared according to manufacturer specifications and radiographed together with the stepwedge proposed by ANSI/ADA n. 53. Films were processed by the time/temperature method and then scanned, and performed 3 analyses of pixel intensity (ip) for each specimen, in a total of 15 readings of each material. Obtained the means, they were compared with a Snedecor's F distribution in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with F=16.63 (p=0.000) significant at 1% level. A 5% probability significance level (p less than 0.05) was adopted. Results: Regarding stepwed, considering the pixel intensity (ip), the CP group presented ip below step 3 stepwedge; the IV and MTA-SB groups showed ip between stepes 3 and 4, while for the SEBA, MTA-OB, MTA-AC, PRO and OZE groups, ip was above step 6 stepwedge. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results and the minimum ANSI/ADA specifications, it was possible to conclude that the CP group does not present the minimum radiopacity required from an endodontic cement, and that the IV and MTA-SB are at the standard's limit. However, considering the cavity dimensions to be retro-filled, the step 3 limit seems insufficient to find safe the retro-filling's quality.

Capacidade de selamento marginal apical propiciado por alguns materiais retrobturadores / Apical sealing ability of some retrograde filling materials

OBJETIVO: Analisar a microinfiltração marginal através da penetração linear de corante Rodamina B em obturações retrógradas utilizando diferentes materiais. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e um dentes permanentes extraídos e tratados endodonticamente tiveram seus 3 mm apicais amputados transversalmente e retrocavidades com 3 mm de profundidade foram preparadas com pontas de ultrasson. Os espécimes foram divididos em grupos experimentais onde os materiais retrobturadores foram inseridos e submersos em corante por 24 horas. Os grupos continham Super EBA, MTA, Histoacryl além dos controles positivo e negativo. RESULTADOS: A microinfiltração marginal analisada com auxílio de computador, utilizando o programa Image J e aplicando-se o teste de comparação múltipla de Kruskal Wallis, mostraram diferença entre os materiais testados. Em ordem decrescente de capacidade de selamento marginal aparece o Histoacryl com o melhor desempenho, não apresentando nenhum espécime com microinfiltração, seguidos do Super EBA e MTA com comportamentos estatisticamente semelhantes. CONCLUSÃO: O grupo do histoacryl foi o que apresentou o melhor vedamento entre os três materiais comparados.

OBJECTIVE: Assess marginal leakage by linear penetration of rhodamine B dye in retrograde fillings filled with different materials. METHODS: Sixty-one permanent teeth extracted and treated endodontically had their 3 apical millimeters amputated cross-sectionally and 3 mm deep retro-cavities were prepared with ultrasonic tips. The specimens were divided into experimental groups where the retrofilled materials were inserted and submerged in a dye for 24 hours. The groups consisted of Super EBA, MTA and Histoacryl, in addition to the positive and negative controls. RESULTS: Marginal leakage was analyzed by the Image J software and multiple comparisons with the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed differences among the materials. The material with the best marginal sealing capacity was Histoacryl. None of the specimens sealed with this product presented leakage. Super EBA was next in terms of sealing capacity followed by MTA, but their performances were similar. CONCLUSION: Histoacryl presented the best sealing capacity of the three studied materials.